Wednesday, January 22

Automatic Solar Tracker

Need Of A Solar Tracker

        Photovoltaic’s is the field of technology and research related to the application of solar cells as solar energy. Solar cells have many applications. Individual cells are used for powering small devices such as electronic calculators. Photovoltaic arrays generate a form of renewable electricity, particularly useful in situations where electrical power from the grid is unavailable such as in remote area power systems, Earth-orbiting satellites and space probes, remote radiotelephones and water pumping applications. Photovoltaic electricity is also increasingly deployed in grid-tied electrical systems.

CHAPTERS:

1.     Introduction………………………………………………………....4

i)      Aim of project and problem definition…………………...5

ii)     Recent trends and developments in the field……………..5

iii)    Literature survey and technological survey……………....6

2.     Theoretical details of the topic……………………………………...9

2.1 Need Of Solar Tracking system…………………………….10

3.     System design………………………………….…………………...12

3.1   Block diagram.……………………………………………...13

4.  Circuit Working…………………………………………………….19

        4.1 Solar Tracking System…………………………………… ...20

        4.2 Solar Panel Monitoring System……………………………..20

5.  Result, Conclusion And Future Scope………………………………21


Literature Survey

Criteria for choosing Micro controller

1. The first & foremost criterion in choosing a Micro controller is that it must meet the task at hand efficiently & cost effectively. In analyzing the needs of a Micro controller based project, we must first see whether an 8-bit, or 16-bit, or 32-bit Micro controller can best handle the computing needs of the task most effectively.

Solar Panel Monitoring System

•      The PIC controller receives analog input from panel.

•      The maximum voltage which can be obtained from solar cell is set as reference voltage in PIC controller.

 Conclusion

Each and every project is never complete as new things are learned further modifications can be done.

Future Scope


There are always remains an infinite scope of improvement to a system design. Its only the time and financial constraints that impose a limit on the development. Following are the few enhancements that may add further value to the system.

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Apple iOS4

    Multitasking

The biggest and most obvious update to iOS 4 is the ability for third-party applications to "multitask"—that is, you don't have to terminate them in order to do something else in another app. This is functionality that has been requested of Apple since the launch of the original iPhone in 2007, and it has been a long time coming.Apple's own apps have always been able to truly multitask ,but third parties can now take advantage of a limited set of multitasking capabilities in order to make things easier on the user.

Apple iOS 4's Hidden Features

Home Screen

As usual, Apple snuck a number of new features into almost every facet of iOS, so let's start with the first thing that most people see when they use an iPhone: the Home screen. Now, you probably already know about the major new features like folders for organizing apps and support for wallpaper backgrounds (just like the iPad feature), but we've found a couple more perks as well. First, the Spotlight screen now offers "Wikipedia" and "Web" options at the bottom of your search results. If you don't find what you're looking for locally, these are two easy launchpads for taking your query out to the Web.


Abstract

 iOS is Apple's mobile operating system developed originally for the iPhone, and later deployed on the iPod Touch and iPad as well. It is derived from Mac OS X, with which it shares the Darwin foundation, and is therefore a Unix-like operating system, by nature. In iOS, there are four abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, the Core Services layer, the Media layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. The operating system uses roughly 500 megabytes of the device's storage.

                        CONTENTS

I.      Abstract     
                                                            
1.     Chapter 1:

         Introduction   
                                                          
2.     Chapter 2:

Overview of apple iOS   
                     
3.     Chapter 3:

         Origin of iPhone
                                                        
4.     Chapter 4:

Apple iOS  
                                                         
History of iOS    
                                         
5.     Chapter 5:

Apple iOS 4   
                                                     
        Multitasking  
                                            
        What’s new in iOS 4       
                                         
        Apple iOS 4’s hidden features                   
                                                   
8. Conclusion                                                          
                                                                    
   Introduction

iOS is Apple's mobile operating system. Developed originally for the iPhone, it has since been shipped on the iPod Touch and iPad as well. Apple does not permit the OS to run on third-party hardware. As of June 7, 2010, Apple's App Store contained more than 225,000 iOS applications, which had collectively been downloaded more than five billion times.

Conclusion

The objective of the seminar report was to study and enhance our knowledge about APPLE iOS 4, mobile operating system. We have learnt about the new features of the iOS 4 operating system, what’s new in it, how is it different from previous versions of iOS, what the technicality behind the iOS 4 is and some more information about it.




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Friday, January 17

Anonymous Communication

Abstract

Anonymous communication is thus a necessary measure to protect the privacy of users, and protect computer systems against traffic analysis. Anonymity systems seeks to build an infrastructure running on top of the existing Internet protocols that allows people to communicate with each other without necessarily revealing their personal network identifiers. The basic idea behind any anonymous system is to provide unlink ability between communicating parties by relaying traffic through a number of intermediate nodes. If the messages are delayed and buffered at these intermediate nodes then they can provide stronger anonymity. Such message based systems are suitable for high latency anonymous applications such as anonymous email. Such systems are called Mix based system. Circuit based randomized routing techniques like Onion Routing and TOR are used for providing low latency applications like anonymous web browsing or remote login. All these anonymous systems are used by are used by diverse group of users to protect their identities on the Internet.





Onion Routing

It is the most prevalent design for low-latency anonymous communication which is initially developed by Goldschlag.

Cypherpunk Remailers

These referred to as Type I remailers, were first developed by Hughes and Finney and are loosely based on Chaum’s mix design .The system consists of multiple, distributed servers. Clients pick a sequence of servers and include a header for each hop that specifies the next server in the path to which the payload should be forwarded.

Relay cells

Once a circuit has been established, the initiator can relay cells through it. Upon receiving a relay cell, an OR looks up the corresponding circuit, and decrypts the relay header and payload with the session key for that circuit. If the cell is headed away from the client OP the OR then checks whether the decrypted cell has a valid digest.

Incentives

Any successful anonymity network requires a diverse user base, as well as server operators all over the world. This requires to encourage people to participate in an anonymity system by providing incentives. For example the Freedom Network took a commercial approach, by paying people to operate servers and charging clients a subscription fee for the service.

Scalability

As the general public becomes increasingly concerned about threats to personal privacy on the Internet, the number of users of anonymity systems is likely to grow. For an anonymous communication system to be able to support truly ubiquitous use, designs must be able to support not just more users, but also more servers in the anonymity network.

Applications Of Anonymous Systems

Anonymity serves different interest for different user groups.

Vulnerabilities

Onion Routing is not invulnerable to traffic analysis attacks. With enough data, it is still possible to analyze usage patterns and make educated guesses about the routing of messages. Also, since our application requires real time communication, it may be possible to detect the near simultaneous opening ofconnections on the firrst and last proxy servers revealing who is requesting what information.

 Conclusion


 Researches in the last 30 years have made significant progress towards enabling private and anonymous communication on the Internet. With an increasing level of public awareness about threats to personal privacy, such as identity theft or online advertisers tracking user behavior, academic and public interest in anonymous communication systems is likely to continue to increase in the near future.


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Adaptive Missile Guidance Using Gps

Abstract

Laser guided missiles use a laser of a certain frequency bandwidth to acquire their target. GPS/inertial weapons are oblivious to the effects of weather, allowing a target to be engaged at the time of the attacker's choosing. GPS allows accurate targeting of various military weapons including ICBMs, cruise missiles and precision-guided munitions. Artillery projectiles with embedded GPS receivers able to withstand accelerations of 12,000 G have been developed for use in 155 mm. GPS signals can also be affected by multipath issues, where the radio signals reflect off surrounding terrain; buildings, canyon walls, hard ground , etc. These delayed signals can cause inaccuracy. A variety of techniques, most notably narrow correlator spacing, have been developed to mitigate multipath errors. Multipath effects are much less severe in moving vehicles. When the GPS antenna is moving, the false solutions using reflected signals quickly fail to converge and only the direct signals result in stable solutions

Adaptive Missile Guidance Using Gps

Concept of missile guidance 

Missile guidance concerns the method by which the missile receives its commands to move along a certain path to reach a target. On some missiles, these commands are generated internally by the missile computer autopilot. On others, the commands are transmitted to the missile by some external source.

Missile guidance using radar signal 

Many machines used in battle, such as tanks, planes, etc. and targets, such as buildings, hangers, launch pads, etc. have a specific signature when a radar wave is reflected off of it. Guided missiles that use radar signatures to acquire their targets are programmed with the specific signature to home in on. Once the missile is launched, it then uses its onboard navigational array to home in on the preprogrammed radar signature. Most radar guided missiles are very successful in acquiring their targets, however, these missiles need a source to pump out radar signals so that they can acquire their target. The major problem with these missiles in today’s battlefield is that the countermeasures used against these missiles work on the same principles that these missiles operate under.

Elements of GPS 

GPS has three parts: the space segment, the user segment, and the control segment. The space segment consists of a constellation of 24 satellites plus some spares, each in its own orbit 11,000 nautical miles above Earth. The user segment consists of receivers, which we can hold in our hand or mount in a vehicle. The control segment consists of ground stations that make sure the satellites are working properly.

Conclusions 

The proliferation of GPS and INS guidance is a double-edged sword. On the one hand, this technology promise a revolution in air warfare not seen since the laser guided bomb, with single bombers being capable of doing the task of multiple aircraft packages. In summary, GPS-INS guided weapons are not affected by harsh weather conditions or restricted by a wire, nor do they leave the gunner vulnerable for attack. GPS guided weapons, with their technological advances over previous, are the superior weapon of choice in modern day warfare.


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Air Suspension System


Abstract

 First, the system automatically adjusts air pressure in the air bag so that the trailer always rides at the same height, whether lightly loaded or heavily loaded. This allows the suspension system to always provide the maximum usable wheel travel independent of trailer load. In addition, the higher air bag pressure associated with higher trailer loads, automatically provides a stiffer suspension which is exactly what is required for a smooth ride. 

Air Suspension System seminar report

The lower air bag pressure for lightly loaded conditions, automatically provides for a softer suspension, thus providing the same ride quality for all trailer loading conditions. Since each axle is independently supported by its own air bag, the air ride suspension is a truly, fully independent suspension system.The automatic control of the air bag pressure is accomplished by a solid state electronic control system specifically designed and packaged for vehicle use. This system continuously monitors the "ride height" of the trailer suspension and increases air pressure if the ride height is too low, by turning on an on-board air compressor.  

Introduction 

      At this time it is important to note that the following discussions are generic in nature. There are many different types and manufacturers of air suspensions and many different ways they are put together. Even different chassis’s built by the same manufacturer can be different in some ways. There are different air bag, air tank and valve arrangements. When dealing with suspension issues, it is critical that you obtain plumbing and wiring diagrams for the specific chassis that you are working on.

Table of contents


1.1    Preface                                                      
1.2   Suspension System
      1.2.1  Introduction to Suspension System
      1.2.2  Objective of Suspension System
                                                   
Problem definition

 2.1 General Problems Without Suspension                                                          
 2.2   Problems in Spring Suspension 
  
Literature review

   3.1 Leaf Spring
   3.2 Air Spring
   3.3 Air Suspension

Basic air suspension

  4.1 What is an Air Suspension ?
  4.2 Components of Air Suspension
  4.2.1 The Air Supply
  4.2.2  Air Bags
  4.2.3 Height control Valve
  4.3  How the Air Suspension Functions?
  4.4 Advantages

 CONCLUSION

  REFERENCES

Objectives of Suspension system

1.      A suspension system prevents road shocks from being transmitted to the vehicle, its inmates and the automotive components.

Problems in Spring Suspension

The conventional metal springs faced some drawbacks which were air suspension system overcomes and so they are preferred and used in more these days. Let's see some of the plus points of this system.

Leaf Spring

Leaf springs in one form or another have been used since the Romans suspended a two-wheeled vehicle called a Pilentum on elastic wooden poles. The first steel spring put on a vehicle was a single flat plate installed on carriages by the French in the 18th century.

How the air suspension functions

The vehicle is supported on the frame with an arrangement of airbags. The vehicle air system, engine air compressor, tanks, lines, etc., supplies air to the height control valves (HCV) mounted to the frame of the vehicle. The height control valves are connected to the air bags with an air line. The linkage which connects the HCVs to the axles rotates the HCV valving as it moves up and down. When weight is added to the vehicle or transferred through the suspension of the vehicle, the air in the air bag(s) is compressed, the frame moves closer to the axle.

Conclusion


From the whole discussion in air suspension system, I observe that the system is like a white blood cell .As white blood cell provides energy to our body to fight against diseases or viruses which try to destroy or try to decrease our life ,in the similar way air suspension system provides the energy to a vehicle to protect itself from damaging, increasing life of the vehicle ,increases the handing , increases comfort of passengers and many more.


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Tuesday, January 14

Airbag

                  
                          

Abstract

   The   present    topic   is    about  safety   airbags  in  cars. No safety    device   has  consumed  more  attention  and  resources  than  the  airbag. It  is  known  with  high  confidence  that  when  a crash  ours , the  presence  of  airbag  reduces    fatality  risk  to  drivers.

Introduction

Air Bags have been under development for many years. The attraction of a soft pillow to land against in a crash must be very strong – the first patent on an inflatable crash-landing device for airplanes was filed during World War II.  In the 1980’s the first commercial air bags appeared in automobiles. Since 1988, all new cars have been required to have air bags on both driver and passenger sides .To date, Statistics show that air bags reduce the risk of dying in a direct frontal crash by 30 percent.  Newer than steering Wheel mounted or Dashboard-mounted bags, but not so widely used, are seat-mounted and door mounted side air-bags.  Some experts say that within the nest few years, our cars will go from having dual air bags top having six or even eight air bags.
 Main Parts Of Air Bag

There are three parts to an air bag that help to accomplish this feat:  
   
 vBag

 v Sensor

 v Inflation system

Working Of Air Bags

Air Bags are designed to inflate in frontal or frontal-angle impacts in which the car strikes an immovable object at more than about 16 Kilometers per hour or another car at twice that speed.  After a collision, sensors sense an electric current to an igniter system or, in some cases, to the computerized control unit.  This unit evaluates the situation and then sends an electrical impulse to the igniter system.  The electric current heats a filament (wire), which then ignites a capsule………

Conclusion

The air bags are of greater importance in today’s vehicles since safety of human life is of prior importance.  Since the count of automobiles is increasing tremendously on our roads, the probability of accidents is also more.  So far a safe riding and for saving the precious life the safety bags must be implemented. 

Disarming The Airbag

Steps in disarming

•        Disconnect the battery

•        Wait 30 seconds.  The air Bag is equipped with a capacitor and it’s important to make sure that it is completely discharges before continuing.  Change the oil while waiting

Driver’s Side Airbag

The image below shows the parts of the airbag module in the steering wheel.  From top to bottom we have the cover, the airbag assembly, the retainer attached to the steering wheel, the steering wheel and the clock spring.


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