Abstract
The Batteries form a significant part of
many electronic devices. Typical electrochemical batteries or cells convert
chemical energy into electrical energy. Batteries based on the charging ability
are classified into primary and secondary cells. Secondary cells are widely
used because of their rechargeable nature.
Presently, battery takes up a huge amount of space
and contributes to a large part of the device's weight. There is strong recent
interest in ultrathin, flexible, safe energy storage devices to meet the
various design and power needs of modern gadgets. New research suggests that
carbon nanotubes may eventually provide the best hope of implementing the
flexible batteries which can shrink our gadgets even more.
The paper batteries could meet the energy demands
of the next generation gadgets. A paper battery is a flexible, ultra-thin
energy storage and production device formed by combining carbon nanotubes with
a conventional sheet of cellulose-based paper. A paper battery acts as both a
high-energy battery and super capacitor, combining two components that are
separate in traditional electronics.
Principal Of Operation
Of Cell
A battery is a device that converts chemical
energy directly to electrical energy. It consists of a number of voltaic cells.
Each voltaic cell consists of two half cells connected in series by a
conductive electrolyte containing anions and cations. One half-cell includes
electrolyte and the electrode to which anions (negatively charged ions)
migrate, i.e., the anode or negative electrode. The other half-cell includes
electrolyte and the electrode to which cations (positively charged ions)
migrate, i.e., the cathode or positive electrode. In the redox reaction that
powers the battery, cations are reduced (electrons are added) at the cathode,
while anions are oxidized (electrons are removed) at the anode. The electrodes
do not touch each other but are electrically connected by the electrolyte. Some
cells use two half-cells with different electrolytes. A separator between half cells
allows ions to flow, but prevents mixing of the electrolytes.
Types Of Batteries
Batteries are classified into two broad
categories. Primary batteries irreversibly (within limits of practicality)
transform chemical energy to electrical energy. When the initial supply of
reactants is exhausted, energy cannot be readily restored to the battery by
electrical means. Secondary batteries can be recharged. That is, they can have
their chemical reactions reversed by supplying electrical energy to the cell, restoring
their original composition.
Life Of Battery
Even
if never taken out of the original package, disposable (or "primary")
batteries can lose 8 to 20 percent of their original charge every year at a
temperature of about 20°–30°C. [54] This is known as the
"self-discharge" rate and is due to non-current-producing
"side" chemical reactions, which occur within the cell even if no
load is applied to it. The rate of the side reactions is reduced if the
batteries are stored at low temperature, although some batteries can be damaged
by freezing. High or low temperatures may reduce battery performance. This will
affect the initial voltage of the battery. For an AA alkaline battery this
initial voltage is approximately normally distributed around 1.6 volts.
Rechargeable batteries self-discharge more rapidly
than disposable alkaline batteries, especially nickel-based batteries a freshly
charged NiCd loses 10% of its charge in the first 24 hours, and thereafter
discharges at a rate of about 10% a month. Most nickel- based batteries are
partially discharged when purchased, and must be charged before first use.
Carbon Nanotubes
Carbon
nanotubes (CNTs) are allotropes of carbon with a cylindrical nanostructure.
Nanotubes have been constructed with length-to-diameter ratio of up to
132,000,000:1, significantly larger than any other material. These cylindrical
carbon molecules have novel properties, making them potentially useful in many
applications in nanotechnology, electronics, optics, and other fields of
materials science, as well as potential uses in architectural fields.
Advantages
• The flexible shape allows the paper
battery to be used small or irregularly-shaped electronics
Applications
The
paper-like quality of the battery combined with the structure of the nanotubes
embedded within gives them their light weight and low cost, making them
attractive for portable electronics, aircraft, automobiles, and toys.
Conclusion
One
of the major problems bugging the world now is Energy crisis. Every nation
needs energy and everyone needs power. And this problem which disturbs the
developed countries perturbs the developing countries like India to a much
greater extent. Standing at a point in the present where there can’t be a day
without power, Paper Batteries can provide an altogether path-breaking solution
to the same. Being Biodegradable, Light-weight and Nontoxic, flexible paper
batteries have potential adaptability to power the next generation of
electronics, medical devices and hybrid vehicles, allowing for radical new
designs and medical technologies. But India still has got a long way to go if
it has to be self-dependant for its energy solution. Literature reflects that
Indian researchers have got the scientific astuteness needed for such
revolutionary work. But what hinders their path is the lack of facilities and
funding. Of course, the horizon of inquisitiveness is indefinitely vast and
this paper is just a single step towards this direction.
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